SWE-bench Verified, live, four arms: 13% cheaper than no compaction, and the highest reward. See the numbers

Full results — headroom (hd-cache) (Terminal-Bench 2.0, 89 tasks)

Full per-task results for the headroom (hd-cache) arm on Terminal-Bench 2.0 (claude-code on aws/claude-sonnet-5, live). Same cache-aware cost model and 4× budget as the other arms. For the four-way analysis (cost decomposition, per-component, verdict) see the Terminal-Bench comparison; the reference arm is the baseline. See REPRODUCE.md.

Totals

attempted solved solve rate completed timed out total billed cost mean steps* cache-hit
89 64 71.9% 78 11 $114.75 32.0 94.1%

* mean steps over the 78 completed tasks (timed-out runs are truncated). Solve rate over completed-only tasks: 64/78 = 82.1%.

Token & cost accounting (cache-aware, all 89 tasks)

tier tokens $/M billed
cache-read (input) 198,020,429 0.20 $39.60
cache-write (input) 12,369,660 2.50 $30.92
fresh (input) 97,763 2.00 $0.20
completion (output) 4,402,777 10.00 $44.03
total $114.75

Cache-read is 35% of the bill at a 94.1% cache-hit rate — as on SWE-bench, a heavily-cached agent, so the lever a compaction layer must pull is cache-read tokens.

Timeouts (11 long-horizon tasks)

These tasks still hit the wall-clock budget under the extended 4× timeout (up to ~4 h each) and scored reward 0 — counted as failures in the solve rate above. A large part of the cause is gateway latency, not only agent capability: Terminal-Bench's timeouts assume a fast endpoint (~2–5 s/request), but this IBM LiteLLM gateway runs ~26 s/request (5–10× slower), so long-horizon tasks that need many round-trips run out of clock (concurrency is not the cause — latency was flat ~23–30 s/req from n=1 to n=24). They are all hard/long software-engineering and compute tasks (path-tracing, a MIPS Doom port, a metacircular evaluator, COBOL modernization, GPT-2 code-golf, CIFAR training). A compaction arm that cuts round-trips could bring some under budget, so the timeout count is itself a comparison metric.

task difficulty category steps before timeout partial billed budget (4×)
caffe-cifar-10 medium machine-learning 38 $0.77 80 min
cobol-modernization easy software-engineering 69 $2.35 60 min
extract-moves-from-video hard file-operations 160 $24.12 120 min
make-doom-for-mips hard software-engineering 101 $4.24 60 min
path-tracing hard software-engineering 142 $6.16 120 min
protein-assembly hard scientific-computing 2 $0.00 120 min
pytorch-model-cli medium model-training 35 $0.47 60 min
query-optimize medium data-science 19 $0.31 60 min
schemelike-metacircular-eval medium software-engineering 77 $4.66 160 min
tune-mjcf medium scientific-computing 25 $0.42 60 min
write-compressor hard software-engineering 5 $0.47 60 min

By difficulty (all 89 tasks; timeouts = failures)

difficulty tasks solved rate timed out mean $/task
easy 4 3 75% 1 $0.878
medium 55 42 76% 5 $0.631
hard 30 19 63% 5 $2.551

By category (all 89 tasks)

category tasks solved rate mean $/task mean steps*
data-querying 1 1 100% $0.351 8.0
debugging 5 5 100% $0.909 42.8
games 1 1 100% $0.383 20.0
mathematics 4 4 100% $0.703 10.8
optimization 1 1 100% $0.464 19.0
personal-assistant 1 1 100% $0.244 6.0
video-processing 1 1 100% $3.080 90.0
system-administration 9 8 89% $0.933 47.2
data-processing 4 3 75% $0.212 13.8
data-science 8 6 75% $1.105 49.7
security 8 6 75% $0.371 19.6
machine-learning 3 2 67% $1.060 28.0
software-engineering 26 17 65% $1.696 34.0
file-operations 5 3 60% $5.065 15.8
model-training 4 2 50% $0.801 33.3
scientific-computing 8 3 38% $0.752 30.3

Per-task (all 89)

task difficulty category outcome steps cache_read cache_write billed wall
adaptive-rejection-sampler medium scientific-computing ❌ failed 30 1,438,504 52,222 $1.253 26.4 min
bn-fit-modify hard scientific-computing ✅ solved 22 928,502 13,410 $0.375 7.2 min
break-filter-js-from-html medium security ✅ solved 35 1,600,416 17,679 $0.879 21.7 min
build-cython-ext medium debugging ✅ solved 62 4,496,202 63,447 $1.296 14.0 min
build-pmars medium software-engineering ✅ solved 39 1,926,499 29,817 $0.560 7.3 min
build-pov-ray medium software-engineering ✅ solved 36 1,752,704 28,039 $0.517 11.2 min
caffe-cifar-10 medium machine-learning ⏱ timeout 38 1,748,587 131,625 $0.769 57.0 min
cancel-async-tasks hard software-engineering ✅ solved 8 279,969 5,770 $0.200 2.5 min
chess-best-move medium games ✅ solved 20 806,656 9,186 $0.383 4.9 min
circuit-fibsqrt hard software-engineering ✅ solved 53 3,341,016 46,604 $2.881 178.9 min
cobol-modernization easy software-engineering ⏱ timeout 69 3,877,615 36,673 $2.353 60.0 min
code-from-image medium software-engineering ✅ solved 5 156,544 4,231 $0.047 0.5 min
compile-compcert medium system-administration ✅ solved 85 5,515,699 227,890 $1.922 78.9 min
configure-git-webserver hard system-administration ✅ solved 13 494,249 7,317 $0.166 7.2 min
constraints-scheduling medium personal-assistant ✅ solved 6 204,738 8,481 $0.244 3.2 min
count-dataset-tokens medium model-training ✅ solved 13 526,046 17,052 $0.196 5.3 min
crack-7z-hash medium security ✅ solved 20 814,384 11,301 $0.221 6.3 min
custom-memory-heap-crash medium debugging ✅ solved 52 3,359,686 49,983 $1.714 30.4 min
db-wal-recovery medium file-operations ❌ failed 17 689,904 13,305 $0.408 5.6 min
distribution-search medium machine-learning ✅ solved 16 663,356 14,575 $0.538 7.5 min
dna-assembly hard scientific-computing ✅ solved 56 3,250,476 53,252 $2.386 43.6 min
dna-insert medium scientific-computing ❌ failed 18 773,481 13,546 $0.320 5.5 min
extract-elf medium file-operations ✅ solved 18 763,108 13,337 $0.390 5.2 min
extract-moves-from-video hard file-operations ⏱ timeout 160 7,363,596 7,806,411 $24.118 120.0 min
feal-differential-cryptanalysis hard mathematics ✅ solved 13 502,491 9,262 $1.003 16.9 min
feal-linear-cryptanalysis hard mathematics ✅ solved 13 532,046 12,513 $1.316 45.3 min
filter-js-from-html medium security ❌ failed 22 989,347 16,881 $0.496 5.7 min
financial-document-processor medium data-processing ❌ failed 26 533,975 61,704 $0.360 2.5 min
fix-code-vulnerability hard security ✅ solved 16 633,232 20,508 $0.206 1.5 min
fix-git easy software-engineering ✅ solved 11 412,077 17,470 $0.151 1.0 min
fix-ocaml-gc hard software-engineering ✅ solved 27 1,340,872 145,817 $0.778 27.9 min
gcode-to-text medium file-operations ✅ solved 17 692,582 11,878 $0.227 4.1 min
git-leak-recovery medium software-engineering ✅ solved 16 611,482 7,048 $0.172 1.5 min
git-multibranch medium system-administration ✅ solved 33 1,485,333 16,544 $0.470 4.5 min
gpt2-codegolf hard software-engineering ❌ failed 2 0 39,156 $0.138 0.9 min
headless-terminal medium software-engineering ✅ solved 16 652,521 15,294 $0.289 13.3 min
hf-model-inference medium data-science ✅ solved 12 448,133 12,428 $0.149 11.6 min
install-windows-3.11 hard system-administration ❌ failed 89 6,294,323 136,137 $2.271 40.8 min
kv-store-grpc medium software-engineering ✅ solved 11 407,203 6,197 $0.121 1.8 min
large-scale-text-editing medium file-operations ✅ solved 11 406,201 6,239 $0.180 3.3 min
largest-eigenval medium mathematics ✅ solved 10 370,777 8,085 $0.168 2.8 min
llm-inference-batching-scheduler hard machine-learning ✅ solved 40 2,384,925 52,778 $1.873 28.7 min
log-summary-date-ranges medium data-processing ✅ solved 8 280,917 5,643 $0.086 0.6 min
mailman medium system-administration ✅ solved 71 5,039,376 54,115 $1.495 15.4 min
make-doom-for-mips hard software-engineering ⏱ timeout 101 11,022,228 111,639 $4.237 60.0 min
make-mips-interpreter hard software-engineering ❌ failed 181 18,796,281 222,145 $7.696 83.6 min
mcmc-sampling-stan hard data-science ✅ solved 39 2,322,900 54,635 $0.702 20.2 min
merge-diff-arc-agi-task medium debugging ✅ solved 37 1,639,043 15,823 $0.472 6.6 min
model-extraction-relu-logits hard mathematics ✅ solved 7 240,960 7,470 $0.325 5.7 min
modernize-scientific-stack medium scientific-computing ✅ solved 6 202,237 6,055 $0.067 0.6 min
mteb-leaderboard medium data-science ✅ solved 91 6,713,015 81,960 $2.041 55.8 min
mteb-retrieve medium data-science ✅ solved 15 591,826 9,506 $0.184 8.3 min
multi-source-data-merger medium data-processing ✅ solved 9 328,735 7,246 $0.130 1.5 min
nginx-request-logging medium system-administration ✅ solved 12 458,387 9,220 $0.144 2.4 min
openssl-selfsigned-cert medium security ✅ solved 16 620,007 8,407 $0.184 1.6 min
overfull-hbox easy debugging ✅ solved 55 2,900,215 28,336 $0.918 19.9 min
password-recovery hard security ✅ solved 24 1,018,613 12,598 $0.475 6.0 min
path-tracing hard software-engineering ⏱ timeout 142 13,062,719 184,070 $6.155 120.0 min
path-tracing-reverse hard software-engineering ✅ solved 112 11,500,154 209,909 $6.088 102.2 min
polyglot-c-py medium software-engineering ❌ failed 11 400,585 5,841 $0.396 8.5 min
polyglot-rust-c hard software-engineering ✅ solved 7 390,788 39,597 $0.573 11.7 min
portfolio-optimization medium optimization ✅ solved 19 859,707 20,442 $0.464 8.9 min
protein-assembly hard scientific-computing ⏱ timeout 2 0 0 $0.000 0.1 min
prove-plus-comm easy software-engineering ✅ solved 7 225,644 12,207 $0.091 5.8 min
pypi-server medium software-engineering ✅ solved 15 571,478 7,504 $0.160 1.9 min
pytorch-model-cli medium model-training ⏱ timeout 35 1,595,679 20,587 $0.471 11.1 min
pytorch-model-recovery medium model-training ✅ solved 19 844,676 18,634 $0.377 12.7 min
qemu-alpine-ssh medium system-administration ✅ solved 79 4,459,313 41,132 $1.345 39.3 min
qemu-startup medium system-administration ✅ solved 21 832,903 9,683 $0.324 10.1 min
query-optimize medium data-science ⏱ timeout 19 757,494 15,322 $0.307 10.2 min
raman-fitting medium scientific-computing ❌ failed 50 2,706,005 43,519 $1.196 15.4 min
regex-chess hard software-engineering ✅ solved 75 6,457,203 482,484 $3.309 79.9 min
regex-log medium data-processing ✅ solved 12 450,419 8,037 $0.270 3.9 min
reshard-c4-data medium data-science ✅ solved 33 1,497,470 15,842 $0.924 16.5 min
rstan-to-pystan medium data-science ✅ solved 88 5,680,153 442,469 $2.661 106.6 min
sam-cell-seg hard data-science ❌ failed 70 4,414,374 60,442 $1.873 35.5 min
sanitize-git-repo medium security ❌ failed 8 403,241 45,268 $0.235 1.1 min
schemelike-metacircular-eval medium software-engineering ⏱ timeout 77 5,741,094 99,381 $4.664 160.0 min
sparql-university hard data-querying ✅ solved 8 301,163 10,650 $0.351 4.2 min
sqlite-db-truncate medium debugging ✅ solved 8 277,629 6,865 $0.146 1.6 min
sqlite-with-gcov medium system-administration ✅ solved 22 924,943 16,688 $0.264 8.7 min
torch-pipeline-parallelism hard software-engineering ✅ solved 41 2,156,546 25,746 $0.994 35.2 min
torch-tensor-parallelism hard software-engineering ❌ failed 12 469,160 11,589 $0.337 8.7 min
train-fasttext hard model-training ❌ failed 68 3,683,278 478,817 $2.159 136.9 min
tune-mjcf medium scientific-computing ⏱ timeout 25 1,121,523 17,848 $0.420 13.2 min
video-processing hard video-processing ✅ solved 90 6,490,786 73,613 $3.080 70.4 min
vulnerable-secret medium security ✅ solved 16 654,879 15,453 $0.270 2.8 min
winning-avg-corewars medium software-engineering ✅ solved 28 1,288,502 20,289 $0.717 11.7 min
write-compressor hard software-engineering ⏱ timeout 5 156,724 3,842 $0.471 60.0 min